The future is unified, that much we know. Whether you're of the view that there will be a single database of places or some sort of geo-Rosetta stone able to translating spatial information from multiple data sources in The Future there will be a universal service available for disambiguating places. However two significant, and to my mind crucial, things are missing from most of the discussions up until now; Time and Authority.
TimeOne mantra trotted out by those selling to geospatial services and products into businesses is that '
everything happens somewhere'. Whilst this is undoubtedly true it is far from the whole picture, but for those talking about and building geo-databases this has all-too-often become the primary mode of thought that informs many architectural decisions. However, if all those hours watching Dr Who has taught us anything it is that Time is important. Geographies are the spatial outcomes of a sequence of temporal events. So, I'd like to propose the following mantra:
'All places are temporary'
It's incredibly easy from our western-centric, immediate, 24/7 culture to bestow some sense of permanence on the places we inhabit, so much so that consideration of the mapping of temporary places is seen to be somewhat esoteric or tangential to 'proper' mapping. Apply any sense of historical perspective though and it's clear that any idea of a permanent place is merely an illusion and that all places are temporary. History provides us with many examples of this: Amarna (a capital of Egypt that existed for but a few years) or the many deserted medieval villages in Britain. But this phenomenon is not limited to the distant past, it's all around us today and is multi-scalar. The building of the Three Gorges Dam in China removed over 1000 towns and villages, from a geographical point-of-view the destruction of the World Trade Center towers removed a significant location, and the change in use of t business premisses changing companies. Any unified geo-service worthy of the name should be able to answer these kinds of questions:
"What was at 31°10'N, 110°50'E in January 1989?"
"How many coffee shops were there in San Francisco one year after Starbucks was founded?"
It's not just the presence or absence of a place that is temporally bound though - every single element including names and spatial extents will vary throughout time. To readers who are aware of models such as
CIDOC CRM it should be apparant that what is required is something akin to an event- or process-driven schema. It's far from easy (but where's the fun in easy?), but but will enable us to ask richer questions of our data:
"Which Roman Province was Calais in?"
"What was the capital city of the residents of Bratislava in 1987?"
Yes, the data needs to be present in order to answer these questions, but our unified geo-service must be built upon the principle not of place-as-geometry but as place-as-concept. To be more than just a mirror of existing services any truly useful unified geo-service must be able to accommodate a significant temporal element in its philosophy, architecture and execution.
Next time, Authority.